The association of tobacco use on gastrointestinal cancers: A secondary dataset analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and Mendelian randomization.

Tob Induc Dis · 2026 · PMC12825413 · PMID 41585092

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

ARIMA analysis showed a general decline in disease burden, though some regions had an increasing trend.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

If the 95% UI of the AAPC estimate was >0, it indicated an increasing trend; if <0, a decreasing trend; and 0, no trend 19 .

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