highly significantp < 0.001
Relationships between psychological traits and changes in depressive symptoms before and after giving birth in non-clinical and clinical groups Neuroticism did not have a significant main effect (b = 0.06, SE = 0.05, t = 1.12, p = 0.64), but its interaction with time was highly significant (b = 0.31, SE = 0.07, t = 4.83, p < 0.001), suggesting that participants with higher neuroticism traits exhibited stronger symptom changes over time (Fig. 3 ).