The impact of direct pre-competition preparation on changes in metabolite, vitamin, and hormonal biomarker concentrations in professional female volleyball players.

BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil · 2025 · PMC12829243 · PMID 41372984

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0600

closest p · 1.2× alpha

0.0600

boldest claim

The sentences

a statistical trendp = 0.06so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Cortisol concentration measurements did not show statistically significant differences, although the significance was close to the value indicating a statistical trend ( p = 0.06), and the effect size was moderate.

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