Oncolytic vaccinia virus encoding constitutively active EPAC remodels the tumor microenvironment to enhance therapeutic efficacy with chemotherapy and surgery.

J Immunother Cancer · 2026 · PMC12829389 · PMID 41571294

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

TGF-β was also quantified and showed an increasing trend from 2 days to 15 days postsurgery for all treatments, with no statistically significant differences between the groups but slightly lower TGF-β levels in the VV-CAT treatment group ( figure 5G ).

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