Regarding the colonization with MDR-indicator pathogens in the nasal cavity, there was a significant increase in the MRSA-colonized patients (mixed linear regression p = 0.002) and an almost significant increase in the percentage of samples with ESBL-E (mixed linear regression p = 0.055), but no significant increase in the A. baumannii complex colonization (mixed linear regression p = 0.131).
In equine colic surgery, one study found no significant difference in SSI rates when comparing 72 h and 120 h antibiotic protocols [ 15 ] whereas studies comparing a single-shot to a more conventional 5-day protocol (no significant differences between the groups) [ 16 ] or 3-day protocol (horses in a single-shot group developed SSI significantly more often during hospitalization, with borderline significance at four weeks postoperatively) [ 17 ] reported dissimilar results regarding postoperative complications, including surgical site infection [ 16 , 17 ]; consequently, more research must be carried out.