Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Calpastatin (<i>CAST</i>) and Micro-Calpain (<i>CAPN1</i>) Genes Influencing Meat Tenderness in Crossbred Beef Cattle in Thailand.

In contrast, CAST 2959 and CAPN1 4751 exhibited the strongest evidence of LD among all marker pairs, with an intermediate D′ value (0.4731), low but higher r 2 (0.0851), and a highly significant chi-square result (χ 2 = 14.642, p = 0.00013).

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The LD between CAPN1 316 and CAPN1 4751 was intermediate in terms of D′ (0.2672), but showed very low allelic association (r 2 = 0.0212), with the chi-square test indicating marginal significance (χ 2 = 3.649, p = 0.056).

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For CAPN1 316, the unfavorable GG genotype exhibited the highest mean aWBSF (158.98 g), followed by the CG genotype (–215.79 g) and the favorable CC genotype (–263.74 g), with corresponding standard deviations of 1333.36 g, 989.61 g, and 1150.50 g, respectively—showing a decreasing trend in aWBSF from GG to CC.

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