Probiotic Supplementation in Chronic Kidney Disease: Outcomes on Uremic Toxins, Inflammation, and Vascular Calcification from Experimental and Clinical Models.

Toxins (Basel) · 2025 · PMC12846724 · PMID 41591153

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Furthermore, IL-6 and IFN-γ showed a significant decrease in Nx rats after probiotic administration, while TNF-α and IL-10 exhibited a decreasing trend.

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