Long-term plastic mulching exacerbates the co-limitation of carbon and phosphorus in farmland by altering physicochemical properties and microbial interactions.

3.7 The relationship between soil physicochemical properties and MPs traits Through the correlation heat map, we can see that microplastic abundance has a highly significant negative correlation with SOC, NO 3 – -N, NH 4 + -N, TN, and Vector Length, and a highly significant positive correlation with soil water content, EC, AP, TP, and Vector Angle; for microplastic morphology, thin film-type MPs have the greatest impact on soil physicochemical properties, and with SOC,

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Additionally, enzyme activity exhibits a decreasing trend with an increase in the number of mulching years, reaching its lowest value after 15 years of mulching.

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Although both TP and AP in soil showed an increasing trend with the duration of mulching ( Table 1 ), the degree of P limitation continued to intensify.

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