Cardiac dysfunction during adverse maternal outcomes in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

1 INTRODUCTION Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), including pre‐eclampsia, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension, are significant contributors to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, affecting approximately 5%–10% of pregnancies with an increasing trend globally. 1 , 2 In particular, between 5% and 20% of women who develop HDP early in pregnancy can face life‐threatening medical complications, such as cerebrovascular hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, acute kidney injury, liver rupture, and eclampsia. 3 Worldwide, 10%–15% of direct maternal

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