Tuning dopant incorporation in tin oxide thin films using a methanol-water solvent for photovoltaic and water splitting applications.

3(e) , R s values show a decreasing trend from 14 to 4.4 Ω □ −1 on increasing F/Sn molar ratio in a wide window from 0.4 to 3.2, with the minimum R s observed with an F/Sn ratio of 2.8 ( i.e. , M2.8).

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9,45 Nevertheless, in contrast to the afore-mentioned studies, a notable trend of TC along (310) is also found in our study, suggesting a similar growth tendency of FTO thin films towards this plane along with (110).

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An increasing trend in D is observed with the rise of NH 4 F concentration, reaching a maximum value of 38 nm for M2.8 before reverting to a reduced value for M3.2.

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