Role of the neurotransmitter-receptor pathway in T-cell tumor immunology and cancer immunotherapy.

In parallel, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) shift toward pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive phenotypes under GABA signaling, jointly weakening adaptive immunity [112] . With respect to T-cell exhaustion, the 4-Ac-GABA–GABA_Aα3-AKT1 inhibitory axis coincides with reduced CD8 + T-cell responsiveness, diminished infiltration, and an increasing trend in exhaustion markers such as PD-1 and TIM-3.

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