Efficient workflow scheduling in fog-cloud collaboration using a hybrid IPSO-GWO algorithm.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC12865168 · PMID 41617810

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0010

closest p · 0.0× alpha

0.0010

boldest claim

The sentences

highly significantP -value < 0.001actually significant

For Energy Consumption, IPSO-GWO clearly outperformed the other algorithms, and ANOVA results showed highly significant differences ( P -value < 0.001), confirming that the choice of algorithm strongly affects energy savings.

also in 132,142 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.