highly significantp ≤ 0.05
Duncan's multiple range test was applied, with p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 indicating significant and highly significant differences. 2.8.3 Metabolomics data analysis Differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified using the criteria: VIP ≥ 1.0, p ≤ 0.05, and |Log2FC| ≥ 1.0.