Beyond traditional-the sick cirrhosis patient scores integrating cytokine and immune profiling for precision prognosis in hospitalized cirrhosis patients may help predict infection, ICU admission and long-term death post hospitalization.

The fact that anemia remained a highly significant predictor on top of these factors implied it was acting as an integrated proxy for multiple chronic insults – such as malnutrition, chronic inflammation, and bone marrow dysfunction – that cumulatively eroded the patient’s physiological reserve and contributed to their long-term demise.

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