Associations between independent or concurrent decline in upper and lower limb strength and cognitive impairment.

BMC Geriatr · 2026 · PMC12870374 · PMID 41495709

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Specifically, an upper limb strength ratio < 1 or lower limb strength ratio > 1 indicated a decreasing trend in the respective muscle group.

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Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.