The global burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to smoking and secondhand smoke, 1990-2021, with projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the GBD 2021 study.

J Health Popul Nutr · 2026 · PMC12870402 · PMID 41484939

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

The burden of disease attributable to secondhand smoke exposure also showed a decreasing trend from 1990 to 2021 for both males and females globally, with minimal differences between the two (Figure S2).

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