Design of low chloride salt deicing filler based on SCD and optimization of dosage using NSGA-II algorithm.

However, the residual stability of the discontinuous graded mixture shows a decreasing trend and then increases.

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Specifically, for the AC-13 grading type within the Pareto front solution set, there is an overall trend of increasing ice-suppression performance, low-temperature crack resistance, and water stability as the substitution rate of salt-storing filler increases.

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