Visible-light photocatalytic mineralization of 4-Chlorophenol over ZnO-loaded sulfonated carbonaceous bentonite: kinetic analysis, pathway elucidation, and catalyst reusability.

The calculated rate constants exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing 4-CL concentrations (Table 1 ), implying that elevated pollutant loads may hinder photocatalytic performance by reducing the number of available active sites or through radical scavenging, consistent with surface saturation effects.

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