highly significantp < 0.05
As shown in Table 9 , among the four investigated factors—ECF addition level, UGCF:LFCF ratio, vital wheat gluten content, and wheat flour (WF) content—vital wheat gluten exhibited a highly significant effect on dough stability time, with an F‐ratio of 136.556, which greatly exceeded the critical F‐value of 19.00 ( p < 0.05).