marginally significantP = 0.098
Trends of HAIs From 2012 to 2023, the overall hospital-wide prevalence of HAIs showed no significant trend, but differences were notable: surgical wards had a significant upward trend from 3.97% (95% CI 2.65–5.68%) in 2012 to 4.82% (95% CI 3.48–6.49%) in 2023 ( β = 0.135, P = 0.003), while ICUs and non-surgical wards showed marginally significant downward trends ( β = − 2.360, P = 0.098; β = − 0.128, P = 0.071) (Fig. 1 A).