Agroecosystem vulnerability and driving factors in Northeast China.

(2) In terms of spatial evolution, the vulnerability of the agricultural ecosystem in the northeastern region shows a distribution pattern of “high in the southwest, low in the northeast,” gradually decreasing from south to north, with an overall trend of gradual improvement.

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The proportion of different vulnerability levels has fluctuated significantly, with moderately vulnerable areas continuously transitioning toward mild vulnerability, indicating a positive trend.

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verely vulnerable area to the extremely vulnerable area; Dandong, thanks to the good performance of indicators such as Normalized Vegetation Factor (NVF) and the local emphasis on ecological protection, the vulnerability index of its moderately vulnerable area was reduced from 0.53 to 0.32, showing a decreasing trend.

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