Association between glycated hemoglobin variability and risk of diabetic kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) · 2026 · PMC12901347 · PMID 41694560

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

After stratification by follow-up duration, subgroup analysis of diabetic nephropathy outcomes showed that for patients with T1DM and T2DM, the heterogeneity statistic of HRs or ORs corresponding to each HbA1c variability indicator (SD, CV, HVS, and HGI) exhibited a decreasing trend.

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