Associations of childhood smoking initiation age with cardiometabolic multi-morbidity and mortality: a multi-national cohort study.

BMC Public Health · 2026 · PMC12903400 · PMID 41559697

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For heart problems, smoking initiation age before 10 years old remained significantly associated with higher risk in both HRS (aHR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.05–2.11) and CHARLS cohorts (aHR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.05–2.13), while the MHAS cohort showed borderline significance.

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