Preparation and performance of composite agent with anti-seepage and friction reducing for pipe jacking in water-rich sand stratum.

When TEA concentration was 0.3%−0.9%, the viscosity first exhibited a decreasing trend, while at 0.9%−1.2% concentration, the viscosity showed an increasing trend.

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With Na2CO3 additions, viscosity initially increased at concentrations below 0.3%, but showed a decreasing trend when Na2CO3 content exceeded 0.3%.

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