Enhanced paddy leaf disease detection using novel dual metaheuristic loss functions in generative adversarial networks with identity block preservation for thermal image augmentation.

One-way ANOVA results in Table 17 reveal highly significant differences across methods (F-statistics 156.92–312.45, all p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.82–0.91), with Tukey HSD post-hoc tests confirming the proposed method’s superiority over all baselines.

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