borderline significantp = 0.05
Similarly, studies using healthy controls demonstrated stronger negative association (pooled OR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.25–0.48, p < 0.01) than those using non-IBD controls (pooled OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.41–0.66, p < 0.01), with a borderline significant subgroup difference ( p = 0.05).