The key‐release condition showed a numerical trend toward lower systole ratio at action timing ( t (26) = 2.34, p = 0.027, p .adj = 0.055, d = 0.45, BF 10 = 2.15), but this did not survive correction for multiple comparisons.
Taken together, these results provide no reliable evidence for cardiac‐phase modulation of voluntary action timing, although a weak trend in the key‐release condition cannot be entirely ruled out. 3.2 Elbow Flexion–Extension Task 3.2.1 Basic Measurements In the pull condition, the average inhalation, exhalation, and total breathing cycle durations were 1.852 s (SD = 0.621), 2.285 s (SD = 0.791), and 4.168 s (SD = 1.426), respectively.