highly significantP < 0.00001
Overall, across all 1,242 patients (MD = -0.83, 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.72), with a highly significant overall effects test ( P < 0.00001), there was significant heterogeneity among all studies ( I 2 = 84%) and among subgroups ( I 2 = 86.4%), as illustrated in Figure 5A .