The disease burden of cancer attributable to smoking worldwide from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.

World J Surg Oncol · 2026 · PMC12918075 · PMID 41593676

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an increasing trendno p-value reported

An increasing trend is identified when the Average Annual Percent Change (AAPC) and both its upper and lower 95% CI bounds are positive.

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

Conversely, a decreasing trend is indicated when the AAPC and its 95% CI bounds are negative.

also in 47,180 other papers

Quoted from the open-access full text in Europe PMC under the licence the publisher applied. The sentence is reproduced exactly as published; the emphasis is ours.