XGBoost based surrogate technique for system reliability analysis of foundation over cavity aided with bootstrapping.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC12920926 · PMID 41634071

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

As the analysis progressed with time (e.g., at t = 10 and 20 years), the reliability indices and probabilities of failure for both BC and Settlement exhibited a decreasing trend.

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