Exploring the toxicological mechanisms of reduced fertility in dairy cows due to nonesterified fatty acids on the basis of network toxicology, transcriptomics and molecular docking.

However, PCA has limitations in identifying transcriptional differences: as an unsupervised method, PCA can identify directions that explain the maximum variance in high-dimensional datasets, but such separation relies on global gene expression rather than individual genes; even though PCA captures an overall trend of variance, it does not yield specific DEGs [ 41 – 43 ].

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