Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation vs Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation With Music in Persistent Low-Back Pain: Protocol for a Pilot Feasibility Trial.

JMIR Res Protoc · 2026 · PMC12931921 · PMID 41734385

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a positive trendno p-value reported

It is anticipated that approximately 90% of participants will need to demonstrate a positive trend, defined as at least a 1-point improvement on the NRS, with the combination of TENS and self-selected music, to calculate the participant numbers for a larger trial that is adequately powered to detect a moderate effect size [ 28 ].

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