Temperature and sex ratios at birth.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2026 · PMC12933076 · PMID 41712633

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0.0940

closest p · 1.9× alpha

0.0940

boldest claim

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marginally statistically significantP = 0.094so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

The effect of a 25 to 30 °C d is marginally statistically significant and indicates a lower male birth probability by 0.014 percentage points (or 0.26 percentage points for a 1-SD change, SD = 19.3, P = 0.094).

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marginally significantno p-value reported

While in the India sample, the analysis with trimester exposures does not show statistically significant first-trimester effects, there is an indication of male birth reductions for exposure around nine months before birth, with marginally significant effects ( Fig. 2 D ).

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