A U-shaped association between vitamin D and ketone levels in type 2 diabetes: a metabolic state-dependent dual regulation mechanism.

Diabetol Metab Syndr · 2026 · PMC12933978 · PMID 41612504

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0.0690

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a positive trendP = 0.069so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

In contrast, metabolic control status and therapeutic factors exhibited more stable associations with blood ketone levels: HbA1c was significantly and positively correlated with ln(β-OHB + 0.01) (B = 0.230, P = 0.002), while fasting blood glucose showed a positive trend (B = 0.047, P = 0.069).

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