Evaluation of Large Language Models for Peer Review in Transplantation Research: Algorithm Validation Study.

JMIR AI · 2026 · PMC12936655 · PMID 41672474

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0800

closest p · 1.6× alpha

0.0800

boldest claim

The sentences

close to significanceP =.08so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Gemma 2 and Qwen 2.5 inched uncomfortably close to significance ( P =.08 and P =.054, respectively), raising the possibility that model bias may reemerge as training corpora, instruction-tuning objectives, or deployment prompts shift over time.

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