highly significantp < 0.01
Six species-level taxa demonstrated significant intergroup abundance variations; Muribaculaceae exhibited a highly significant difference ( p < 0.01), with higher abundance in the DNFB group than the CK group ( Figure 6 a), and Alloprevotella , Clostridium , Firmicutes , Oscillospirales , and Parabacteroides ( Figure 6 b–f) all showed significant differences ( p < 0.05), with Alloprevotella enriched in the J12L group and Clostridium , Firmicutes , Oscillospirales , and Parabacteroides elevated in the J12S group relative to the DNFB model group (with Oscillospirales also differing from CK/J12L).