High-performance temperature regulation of nonlinear CSTRs via a hybrid stellar oscillation optimizer and differential evolution-based PID-F control.

Sci Rep · 2026 · PMC12946216 · PMID 41654553

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practically significantno p-value reported

yright no pmc-prop-is-real-version no pmc-prop-is-scanned-article no pmc-prop-preprint no pmc-prop-in-epmc yes pmc-license-ref CC BY issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Limited 2026 Introduction Temperature regulation in nonlinear industrial processes remains one of the most challenging and practically significant problems in process systems engineering.

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