Genome-wide association study uncovers the genetic basis of stem rust resistance in the southern US oat (Avena sativa L.) germplasm at different growth stages.

Genotypic effects were highly significant in nearly all environments ( p < 0.0001); the sole exception was 23_WL, where IR was non-significant ( p = 0.0876) and both traits showed low heritability (IR: H 2 = 0.19, h 2 = 0.03; SV: H 2 = 0.27, h 2 = 0.05) (Table 1 ), consistent with uneven disease pressure.

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