Seeing through the virtual reality: the effects of learning environment and task difficulty on difficulty perception, learning outcomes and mental models.

Front Psychol · 2026 · PMC12953420 · PMID 41783298

Europe PMC DOI

hedged sentence

0.0860

closest p · 1.7× alpha

0.0860

boldest claim

The sentences

marginal significancep = 0.086so close (0.05 < p ≤ 0.1)

Knowledge retention scores showed marginal significance [ F (1, 88) = 3.01, p = 0.086], with the video group having higher retention scores, suggesting video learning had a slight short-term memory and knowledge retention advantage.

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