Uniqueness and predictability in evolution and the history of mollusks.

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A · 2026 · PMC12956811 · PMID 41730103

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highly significantP < 0.001actually significant

Compared with the null expectation of a constant frequency of innovation over time, the observed post-Ordovician decrease in the frequency of both unique and first occurrences of repeated phenotypes is highly significant (chi-square = 14.4 for unique traits, 43.6 for first occurrences of repeated traits, and 59.1 for the two groups combined, P < 0.001 in all cases).

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