Force-sensing drill-through detection and automatic stopping in a porcine distal humerus model simulating pediatric supracondylar pinning.

A paired t-test showed a highly significant difference, t (9) = 12.17, p < 0.0001, with a very large effect size (Cohen's d_z = 3.85; partial η 2 = 0.943), indicating a marked and highly consistent advantage of the robotic system ( Tables 1 , 2 , Figure 5 ).

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