Multi-sensor monitoring of a transient event in the Gran Sasso aquifer, Italy.

Over the monitoring years, the pressure has shown an increasing trend, with the highest value of around 15 bar recorded in August 2023.

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The springs of the Tirino group ( MP1 ) are not influenced by local climatic or anthropogenic factors, showing a limited seasonal oscillation and a decreasing trend in levels over the entire observation period probably due to decreasing in recharge rates (Figure 5 32 ).

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