Fermented Black Soybean and Dehulled Adlay Improve Metabolic Syndrome via AMPK-SIRT1 Activation and Gut Microbiota Modulation.

Figure d shows that serum insulin levels were markedly elevated in the HFFD group (6.65 ± 1.21 μg/L) compared to those in the ND group (1.07 ± 0.18 μg/L), while FBA supplementation (2.84 ± 0.64 μg/L) significantly lowered these levels. Similarly, HOMA-IR values in Figure e indicated that insulin resistance was significantly higher in the HFFD group (3.6 ± 0.87) than in the ND group (0.33 ± 0.06), with a decreasing trend after FBA supplementation (1.21 ± 0.25). 3.7 FBA Modulates Adipokine Balance and Inflammatory Responses Metabolic disorders caused by an HFFD are strongly linked to adipokine imbalance and chronic inflammation, both contributing to obesity-related complications.

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