The Downward Floral Orientation in <i>Polygonatum cyrtonema</i> Enhances Pollination Efficiency and Reproductive Fitness.

In contrast, honey bees showed a marginally significant difference in pollen deposition per visit between downward (29.8 ± 3.0, N = 45) and upward flowers (21.9 ± 2.5, N = 33; Wald χ 2 = 3.808, p = 0.051; Figure 3b ). 3.4 Effects of Flower Orientation on Pollen Viability and Stigma Receptivity Pollen viability in P. cyrtonema was significantly affected by sampling time, floral orientation and weather conditions (sunlight vs. rainwater exposure; Table 1 ; Figure 4 ).

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