Forest fire detection and recognition method based on improved YOLOv5-ACE algorithm.

PLoS One · 2026 · PMC12970867 · PMID 41801882

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extremely significantp < 0.001actually significant

The statistical analysis of independent sample t-tests revealed that compared with the baseline YOLOv5s, all four key metrics of the improved model showed extremely significant differences ( p < 0.001), and the large effect sizes (Cohen’s d = 4.29–6.82) indicated strong practical significance.

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