highly significantP < 0.001
RESULTS: Upper first molar distalization (U6–VRL) (distance from mesiobuccal cusp of upper first molar to vertical reference line from S point; measures distal movement.) showed a highly significant difference ( P < 0.001, d = 5.96 – very large), with the MLE achieving almost double the distal movement of CMA (−7.65 ± 0.74 mm for MLE Group, −3.03 ± 1.84 for CMA).