Estimating Trends With Differential Item Functioning: A Comparison of Five IRT-Based Approaches.

Educ Psychol Meas · 2026 · PMC12987755 · PMID 41835215

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closest p

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a decreasing trendno p-value reported

The robust linking methods exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing p for HAB-d (from 1.38 to 1.20), whereas HAE remained stable between 0.96 and 0.98.

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