Sustainable mechanochemical activation of rock phosphate with oxalic acid for high-efficiency phosphorus fertilizers.

For example, one incubation study on PARP showed an increasing trend in water-soluble P in the early stages (7–14 days) followed by a notable reduction in later stages, consistent with a biphasic release pattern. 62,64 In fertilizers modified with organic acids such as oxalate or citrate, these organic amendments enhance phosphate release by complexing surface Ca 2+ ions and preventing the formation of apatite-like passivation layers, thereby promoting a more gradual and extended release.

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