Effects of micro-landscapes on attention restoration in older adults within community public spaces.

(1) Main effect of micro-landscape presence/absence: Micro-landscapes served as the core driving factor for attention restoration, with a highly significant main effect (F(1,214) = 4122.33, p < 0.001, η2 p = 0.95).

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The main effect of space typology was marginally significant (Wilks’ Λ = 0.80, F(2,29) = 3.62, p = 0.04), with Nodal spaces (6939.34 ms) showing significantly longer fixation durations than Path spaces (6601.19 ms, Δ = 338.15 ms, p = 0.01), which contrasts with the non-significant difference in PRS scores between Nodal and Path spaces, suggesting that although Nodal spaces have longer fixation durations, their attention restoration efficiency is lower (PRS score = 68.03).

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