A notable trend is the development of assembloids, which fuse or co-culture organoids of different regions, defined as organoids with spatially organized multiple cell types (Pașca et al. 2022 ), to simulate neural cell migration (Birey et al. 2017 ; Tang 2021 ), synaptic connectivity (Wu and Nowakowski 2025 ) and neuroinflammation interactions (Liu et al. 2025 ; Kim et al. 2025 ) Compared with single-region organoids, assembloids provide a more physiologically relevant platform for studying complex neurotoxicity.
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Brain organoids in environmental neurotoxicology: applications, mechanisms, and future perspectives.
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